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Mobile Distributed Information System Fundamentals and Architecture of Mobile Distributed Information System Q1. What is a mobile distributed information system? Answer. In today's mobile society, access to relevant information and to context-specific services "anytime, anywhere" is becoming increasingly important. This is the environment for our research, development and consulting activities in selected current topics of Mobile Distributed Information Systems. Mobile users are often particularly interested in information about and services in their immediate vicinity, thus Mobile Distributed Information Systems must address location-dependent distribution of and access to services and information from mobile devices. The user's topological and geographical location becomes relevant for the semantics of communication, and such communication has to remain seamless even in foreign environments, with little or no need for manual reconfiguration. Frequently, in addition to his locat ion, the user's current situation determines his information and service requirements. With mobile devices becoming more and more powerful, mobile users themselves may offer information and services to peers in an improvised manner. As a result, the long-established distinction between clients and servers is blurred, which calls for an extension of the architecture prototype towards peer and/or alternating roles. (Reference from http://www.wkap.nl/prod/b/0-7923-9697-9) Recent years have witnessed a rapid proliferation of mobile information devices. Cellular phones have become not only a basic means of communication for many people, but have also developed from simple telephones suitable only for voice communications into computing devices capable of t... .../Preference Profiles (CC/PP) profile can be used to provide a description of mobile device. Different MSS are in different heterogeneous network and these MSS need to cooperate and communicate with each other for exchanging data. A standard interface is needed between MSS. Java technologies or a middleware like CORBA can be used to solve the heterogeneous problems. (Reference from www.idi.ntnu.no/emner/dif8914/essays/hien-essay2001.pdf ) References http://www.wkap.nl/prod/b/0-7923-9697-9 www.autospaces.com/people/fsommers/mobile_transactions.pdf www.idi.ntnu.no/emner/dif8914/essays/hien-essay2001.pdf George Coulouris, Jean Dollimore, Tim Kindberg Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design. M. Tamer Ozsu, Patrick Valduriez Principles of Distributed Database Systems Prentice Hall 1999. George H. Forman, John Zahorjan The Challenges of Mobile Computing.

Marketing Success Through Differentiation Essay

Marketing success through differentiationof anything Any product oi service can he differentiated, even the commodity that seems to differ from competitors’ offerings only in price Theodore Levitt On television we see product differentiation all the time, whether the subject of the commercial is a distinguishable good like an automobile or an indistinguishable good like laundry detergent. These are packaged products. How does the marketer differentiate a so-called commodity like isopropyl alcohol, strip steel, commercial bank services, or even legal counsel? The author describes the attributes of products that give the marketer opportunity to win the customer from the competition and, having won him, to keep him. Finally, the author describes the alert, imaginative state of mind that characterizes good management of product differentiation. â€Å"The way in which the manager operates becomes an extension of product differentiation,† he says. Mr. Levitt is the Edward W. Carter Professor of Business Administration at the Harvard Business . School and head of the marketing area of instruction there. His articles in HBR, which number nearly two dozen, include the well-known â€Å"Marketing Myopia† (published in i960 and reprinted as an HBR Classic in September-October 1975) and â€Å"Marketing When Things Change† (November-December 1977). His most recent book is Marketing foi Business Growth (McGraw-Hill, 1974)- There is no such thing as a commodity. All goods and services are diflferentiable. Though the usual presumption is that this is more true of consumer goods than of industrial goods and services, the opposite is the actual case. In the marketplace, differentiation is everywhere. Everybody-producer, fabricator, seller, broker, agent, merchant—tries constantly to distinguish his offering from all others. This is true even of those who produce and deal in primary metals, grains, chemicals, plastics, and money. Fabricators of consumer and industrial goods seek competitive distinction via product features—some visually or measurably identifiable, some cosmetically implied, and some rhetorically claimed by reference to real or suggested hidden attributes that promise results or values different from those of competitors’ products. So too with consumer and industrial services— what I call, to be accurate, â€Å"intangibles. † On the commodities exchanges, for example, dealers in metals, grains, and pork bellies trade in totally undifferentiated generic products. But what they â€Å"sell† is the claimed distinction of their execution—the efficiency of their transactions in thir clients’ behalf, their responsiveness to inquiries, the clarity and speed of their confirmations, and the like. In short, the offered product is differentiated, though the generic product is identical. When the generic product is undifferentiated, the offered product makes the difference in getting customers and the delivered product in keeping them. When the knowledgeable senior partner of a wellknown Chicago brokerage firm appeared at a New York City bank in a tight-fitting, lime green polyester suit and Gucci shoes to solicit business in financial instrument futures, the outcome was predictably 84 Harvard Business Review January-February 1980 poor. The unintended offering implied by his sartorial appearance contradicted the intended offering of his carefully prepared presentation. No wonder that Thomas Watson the elder insisted so uncompromisingly that his salesmen be attired in their famous IBM â€Å"uniforms. † While clothes may not make the man, they may help make the sale. The usual presumption about so-called undifferentiated commodities is that they are exceedingly price sensitive. A fractionally lower price gets the business. That is seldom true except in the imagined world of economics textbooks. In the actual world of markets, nothing is exempt from other considerations, even when price competition rages. During periods of sustained surplus, excess capacity, and unrelieved price war, when the attention of all seems riveted on nothing save price, it is precisely because price is visible and measurable, and potentially devastating in its effects, that price deflects attention from the possibilities of extricating the product from ravaging price competition. These possibilities, even in the short run, are not confined simply to nonprice competition, such as harder personal selling, intensified advertising, or what’s loosely called more or better â€Å"services.To see fully what these possibilities are, it is useful first to examine what exactly a product is. What’s a product? Products are almost always combinations of the tangible and the intangible. An automobile is not simply a machine for movement visibly or measurably differentiated by design, size, color, options, horsepower, or miles per gallon. It is also a complex symbol denoting status, taste, rank, achievement, a spiration, and (these days) being â€Å"smart†Ã¢â‚¬â€that is, buying fuel economy rather than display.

How does Shakespeare create Tension Essay

In King Lear, Act I establishes the nature of the conflict between Cordelia and Lear, among Goneril and Regan and Lear, and between Gloucester and Edgar. This first act also establishes the twofold nature of Goneril, Regan, and Edmund, while demonstrating that Cordelia and Edgar are good characters. The remainder of the play’s central characters also make an appearance in this act. At the start of the play Lear intends to divide his kingdom between his three daughters, setting them a test to who loves him most. At the start of Lear’s speech he uses the third person creating the royal ‘we’. ‘We shall express our darker purpose’, this shows that he has self-importance and speaks as a king. The language in Lear’s first speech is one of the first factors effecting the tension of the play. ‘Unburdened crawl towards death’ this adds suspense and tension to his speech as he knows he is going to die. The excessive use of pronouns adds to this as well. The long sentences used also add a sense of continuity. When Gonerill tells her father how much she loves there is a lot of hyperbole language and excessive flattery for example, ‘as much as child e’eer loved, or father found’. As the audience we know this is much exaggerated and the dramatic irony helps to add suspense. Then Cordelia says [aside] ‘What shall Cordelia speak? Love, and be silent.’ Already we begin to get an insight into Cordelia’s feelings creating suspense. This is because we do not know what she is about to say when her turn comes. She also says another aside after Regan, which keeps building up the suspense. When Regan tells her father how much she loves him she uses aggressive tactics with self-confidence to address herself. There is also some sibling rivalry ‘ self mettle’ shows this sibling rivalry. There is also much hyperbole and dramatic irony adding to the suspense. We then move on to Cordelia who says nothing. In disbelief Lear challenges her and as a result she is banished from the kingdom, along with France and move away. This is  the first result of Lear’s old age and creates tensions between Cordelia and her sisters and Lear. The use of metaphors and punctuation add suspense when Lear sends Cordelia away. ‘come not between the dragon and his wrath’ this adds to the suspense of the passage by describing himself as a dragon and telling the others not to get involved. By the way Lear talks to Cordelia also show how it is a male dominated society. Later on in the play we learn that Cordelia was Lears favourite and that he only could of said these things if he was very ill. The monosyllabic language is simple but adds direct and powerful emphasis on how Lear sees Cordelia ‘glib and oily art’ shows this. This helps to add the tension as we see how Lear sees Cordelia and how the family tensions have got worse. ‘Without our grace love, our benison’ this list of three helps to add tension to the banishment of Cordelia as Lear says this as they depart. Showing that the relationship between them is very tense, adding to the suspense in act 1.

I Quit How to Resign from Your Job With Professionalism

I Quit How to Resign from Your Job With Professionalism â€Å"I quit.† Seems easy, right? Like everything else in this world, not so much. You could send that very-on-the-nose note to announce your departure, but it’s really poor form. If you’re ready to move on to a new position, or you just can’t deal with your job any longer, there’s a process to sending a good and proper resignation letter. No matter how POed you are on your way out the door, you’ll be thankful later that you took the time to send a well-crafted, anger-neutral letter or email to your (soon to be former) boss.1. Why Send a Letter  2. When to Send the Letter  3. How to Send the Letter  4. What to Write  5. What Not to Write  6. The Sample Letter  Why Send a Letter?  Different  offices have many different ways to reach someone: interoffice chat, phone, email, meetings, coffee machine ambush, etc. So why go the official resignation letter route? It leaves a paper trail, in case there’s any question later abo ut timing, or your intent to leave. You can tell people you’re leaving through any channel, but you should always tell your boss first, and make sure that you follow up with an official letter. That way, he or she can forward it as necessary, and HR will have an official document and be able to start any necessary exit processes.When to Send the Letter  The timing on the letter varies according to a few different factors. First, always check your company’s HR policies. When you started, you may have signed something agreeing to give a particular amount of notice. Two weeks (10 business days) is an informal standard, but definitely double-check to make sure that this is a courtesy and not a legal requirement. If your start date at your new place is in two weeks and your current company requires three weeks’ notice, then things could get sticky. If you kept your onboarding documents at your current job, you can check those. Otherwise, a discreet email to HR shou ld be able to resolve the question for you, without advertising to everyone that you’re on your way out the door.When It’s Okay to LeakIf you have a good relationship with your boss, you should also plan to give him or her an unofficial heads-up before you send the official resignation note. Getting a formal announcement out of nowhere can feel like blindsiding, especially if you have a good working relationship.  Employees in the United States change their job once every three years on averageSo you might want to precede the whole process with a quick face-to-face meeting (as private as you can get it), and let your manager know that you’re leaving for a new job, or just leaving. You’re not obligated to go into great detail, about what your next steps are after you leave, but given that this person will likely be responsible for handling your duties in the interim and for initiating a search for You 2.0, a heads-up will likely be appreciated. Itâ€℠¢s a professional, respectful way to set the tone for your leaving.If you are genuinely worried about your manager having a bad reaction to the news, you can skip this step and go straight to the letter, or go through your HR department. Otherwise, most professional people accept this as a fact of life in the workplace, and will accept your resignation with the same level of graciousness that you put into it. Once you’ve sorted out the amount of notice you’ll be giving and have given your manager the courtesy heads-up, it’s time to hand over the letter.How to Send the Letter  If your company is one that handles everything via email, you can probably get away with emailing your resignation to your boss (after the face-to-face meeting). As a rule, though, it’s best to go the analog route and have a printed, signed version. If possible, have it printed, signed, and ready to go for your meeting with your boss. There’s no need to send it through the m ail, or recruit a singing telegram-ist to deliver the letter. If you don’t have it ready for your face-to-face meeting, make sure to hand it to your boss shortly afterward- you don’t want there to be any conflict over the amount of official notice you’re giving.What to Write  The content of a resignation letter is pretty straightforward. There’s no need to write a novel, with plotlines or long, tear-stained devotional passages about how you haven’t slept since you decided it was time to part ways with the company. The letter should have just the most straightforward information, with a little of your own voice thrown in:Greeting (addressed to your boss)I resign.My last day in the office will be†¦I appreciate the opportunities I’ve had in this role†¦I will be available to help with any transition duties, or training a replacement staff member.Thanks!RELATED:  5 Points to Hit in Your Resignation Letter Pretty simple. It’s not the place to weigh in on your replacement, or ask if you’ll get paid for unused vacation days. The purpose of the resignation letter is just to get it in writing that you are leaving in X amount of time.For a quick overview on how to handle the resignation process, Howdini has a great video:What NOT to Write (Or, Don’t Burn Bridges)  The resignation letter is also definitely not the time for axe-grinding. (That’s more of a venting-to-friends activity, not to be committed to paper.) If your boss is a jerk, or you can’t work for the company for X, Y, Z reasons, it doesn’t matter here. If you can’t quite manage a friendly tone, go for a civil one. And if you can’t find anything good to say about your time there, dig deep and†¦fib a little, if you need to.You may be about to blow this popsicle stand, but keep in mind that you’re probably not quitting to go live in a wifi-less cabin somewhere. You’ll be moving on t o other jobs, possibly even in the same industry. And people talk, especially when there’s good gossip. You want to be known as a consummate professional, especially as you’re gearing up to start somewhere new. The last thing you want is for your new boss to catch wind of a tantrum thrown on your way out of your last job. So even if the circumstances of your leaving are less than ideal, shake off the anger/annoyance/temptation and be gracious in your parting letter. If you really need to get some residual anger out of your system, funnel it all into an â€Å"I quit† movie marathon. Never forget that this letter will be part of the official record in your company. It will be seen by your boss, yes, but also HR and goodness knows who else. Please apply the same policy you should apply to all workplace communications: don’t write anything you wouldn’t want to be posted for the entire company to see.The Sample Letter  Hey Michael,I quit. I have a bet ter job offer, and honestly can’t stand the idiots in this office any longer.Bye,DwightUmm, no. Not only is this the wrong tone and unnecessarily antagonistic, it leaves out important information like an end date, and basic niceties like a â€Å"thank you.† Let’s try that again.Yo Michael, The time has come to say goodbye†¦Ã‚  So yeah, this is an official note to say I quit†¦Ã‚  It is with a heavy heart and a veil of tears that I announce I will be resigning†¦Ã‚  Dear Michael,  Please accept this note as a formal notification that I am resigning my position as Assistant (to the) Regional Manager to pursue other opportunities. My last day will be March 18, 2024.  I really appreciate the opportunities I’ve had here these past 12 years, and hope you know how much I’ve learned and grown in my role. I’ve learned an incredible amount about how to market and sell paper, both from our colleagues here and our clients. Over the next two weeks, I’d like to work with you on any necessary training or transition duties as I wrap up my time here.  I know the company will continue to have great success, and am so thankful to have been a part of it for so long. Please don’t hesitate to let me know if you have any questions, or if there’s anything you’d like to discuss about my departure.Best wishes,DwightMuch better! Resignation letters are hard because you’re writing an official document, so it may sound a little stiff or formal by default. Definitely err on the side of formality, because again- you never know who will be seeing this once you release it at work. It’s okay to make it sound like your regular voice, but just make sure you’re not going too informal, and that you’re hitting all the necessary elements (gracious tone, end date, availability to help with the transition up until that date).So while it might be tempting to create a stir on your way out (possibly involving Kanye West), you will never go wrong with a thoughtful, clear, and definitive resignation letter. It may be tempting to dismiss your current job as old news, or use this as a chance to burn someone or the company on the way out, but if you resist that urge, you’ll be the better for it later on. Viral social media stardom is fleeting, but your reputation is forever.

Quotes Showing Why Anakin Skywalker Turned Evil

Quotes Showing Why Anakin Skywalker Turned Evil If you are a Star Wars fan, you have probably read up everything about Anakin Skywalker and Darth Vader. Darth Vader is one of the most popular sci-fi villains. The transformation of pristinely good and golden Anakin Skywalker into the dark and dangerous Darth Vader is interesting. So what makes Anakin Skywalker, the most powerful Jedi, turn evil? Who Is Anakin Skywalker? Anakin Skywalker, the hero, once worshiped by the Jedi Order becomes a victim of his circumstance. His love for his wife Padme Amidala becomes his undoing. He turns to the dark side when he realizes that it was the only way he can save his beloved wife from dying. After a vicious battle with the Jedi led by his mentor Obi-Wan Kenobi, Anakin is left badly injured. He is saved by Palpatine, his Jedi mentor who is secretly a Sith Lord. Of course, Palpatines motives are to use Anakin against the Jedi Order, as he wants to manipulate Anakin Skywalkers strengths and weaknesses. The Rise of Darth Vader Lord Palpatine turns Anakin Skywalker into the dark and deadly Darth Vader for his selfish pursuits. Darth Vader rises like a phoenix with his mind filled with hatred for the Jedi. He becomes the oppressor and tyrant that fills the Jedi with trepidation. Darth Vader, the ruthless slayer of Jedi younglings, is a victim of political vendetta. He is an agent of evil with a heart of goodness. What Can You Learn From Anakin Skywalkers Character? Anakin Skywalkers complex personality makes him one of the most popular characters in sci-fi movies. The two faces of Anakin Skywalker and Darth Vader remind us that it is good and evil in every one of us. It is your choice to be what you want to be. You can blame your circumstances for your misdeeds. Or you can accept reality, and work hard to be good despite the negative energy around you. The choice is yours. Here is some soul-stirring Anakin Skywalker quotes that will put you in a reflective mood. For those who love Darth Vader, read some quotes from the evil Sith Lord himself. Anakin Skywalker Prequel Quotes Episode II - Attack of the ClonesYoure asking me to be rational. That is something I know I cannot do. Believe me, I wish I could just wish away my feelings, but I cant. Episode I - The Phantom MenaceMom, you said that the biggest problem in the universe is no one helps each other. Episode II - Attack of the ClonesAttachment is forbidden. Possession is forbidden. Compassion- which I would define as†¦unconditional love- is essential to a Jedis life. So, you might say that we are encouraged to love. Episode II - Attack of the ClonesWe will find out whos trying to kill you, Padmà ©. I promise you. Episode II - Attack of the ClonesSomeday I will be the most powerful Jedi ever. Episode II - Attack of the ClonesI killed them. I killed them all. Theyre dead, every single one of them. And not just the men, but the women and the children, too. Theyre like animals, and I slaughtered them like animals. I HATE THEM! Episode II - Attack of the ClonesIts all Obi-Wans fault. Hes jealous. Hes holding me back. Episode II - Attack of the Clones[Anakin uses his Force levitation to slice a fruit for Padme] If Obi-Wan caught me doing that, he would be very grumpy. Episode III - Revenge of the SithIm going there to end this war. Wait for me until I return. Things will be different, I promise. Please wait for me. Episode II - Attack of the Clones[Anakin Skywalker, after Obi-Wan Kenobi cuts off Zam Wesells arm] Jedi business, go back to your drinks!

How has the exclusionary rule affected policing Research Paper

How has the exclusionary rule affected policing - Research Paper Example This shows why the congress intents to make distinction as to the necessity for search warrant in the searching of private property in the enforcement of the prohibition act. Exclusionary Rule is a lawful principle in the United State under the law of the constitution. It holds that evidence gathered or analyzed in manipulation of the defendant’s constitutional rights is t times inadmissible for prosecution of a criminal in a law court. This rule can be an example of a prophylactic rule, which is formulated by the judiciary to safeguard a right of the constitution. I think this rule only protects the guilty. The exclusionary rule bars the government from making use o the evidence collected in the violation of the constitution of the United States. This rule is biased as it applies to proof got fro and irrational search or seizure in violation of the fourth amendment (Clancy, 2008). The fourth amendment prohibits or denounces searches and seizures as unreasonable in a manner in which will conserve individual rights and public interests. In addition, the Supreme Court states that under the fourth amendment to the constitution, police officers should get search warrants to carry out searches and seizures unless their actions fall within a few specifically and well-drawn exceptions. This rule is of the view that when an individual collects any evidence that is illegal, the court cannot accept it as proof against the suspect in question. In relation to policing, the exclusionary rule is best understood by incorporating the established laws and the economics phenomena: section bias, principal-agent problems, moral hazard, and violence through substitution. Effects of exclusionary rules on policing The fourth amendment on the exclusionary rules protects the â€Å"right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures,† and specifies procedural safeguards to that end. with this rule in pl ace, it means that the police force has no right to search people if they feel their security is threatened or unless it is in good faith. The police has very little it can do in case it is looking for evidence against a suspect. The police force can choose to ignore all suspicious happening in its area of operation though it is not in line with the oath of office to overlook public misconduct. This is because the rule is frustrating. The exclusionary rule has a beneficial influence on police. It creates genuine incentive for police departments to educate their members in the constitutional rights of suspected persons. All people have equal treatment. This is because a suspect can only be a criminal after proving guilty. This means that the law protects them from harassment. The police force is good at harassing individuals just because they are after evidence. By enacting the exclusionary rule, all police teams will learn to appreciate human space. Through training that all the pol ice forces will offer, there will be a good policing unit because every suspect will be handled like a worthy human being. Policing is a government unit with an obligation to provide internal security to the citizens. The use of exclusionary rule will help this governmental unit observe its finances. This is because an police misconduct attracts a fine. This means that if the police officers carry out an operation

Power within the United States congress Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Power within the United States congress - Essay Example In contrast to popular belief, the Congress and presidents have always been at loggerheads. This is because on numerous occasions the Senate, House of Representatives are controlled by different parties. Over the years, the Democrats have had a considerable advantage over the Republic with regards to this control. The above section clearly shows there are serious issues relating to the balance of power between the Congress and the Office of the President. There should be a clear definition of duties to minimize conflicts between the president and the congress (Denhardt et al., 2013). Secondly, they should meet on a regular basis to ensure that they are on the same page with regards to public policy as well legislation. Thirdly, there should be effective communication between the two parties to minimize conflict. Finally, the parties should work towards achieving the greatest benefits for the citizens. The above mentioned strategies can be employed to solve the issues relating to the balance of power (Heady, 2001). To start with, the clear definition of duties means that each of the parties will perform the tasks that they are required to with minimal conflict. Secondly, the regular meetings ensure that the two parties compare their duties and activities on a regular basis. Thirdly, effective communication ensures that any issues are dealt with on a timely basis (Schickler, 2001). Finally, when both parties work for the greatest benefit of the people there will be fewer conflicts since both work towards achieving similar goals. This entails the composition of the congress based on the political party membership. In the 113th parliament, between 2013 and 2015, there were a total of 100 members in the senate. Fifty four members are from the Democratic Party, Forty five members are from the Republic party and one member is from another party that is classified as others